Russia, Eastern Europe and its experience in the process of democratization in China revelation (2)

 Russia, Eastern Europe and its experience in the process of democratization in China Implications
mm feasibility study constitutional reform in China (Annex 2)
Zhang Bo tree
in more and more inclined to join the reality of the independent Republic of the background appears , the Soviet Union in March 17, 1991 referendum was held, resulting in 3 / 4 of the Soviet citizens willing to equality, independence of the Republic of the Soviet Union retained the new federal form. 9, including Russia, the Republic accepted the Ge Alba Geoff proposal to draft a new Union treaty, which opened a access to Crimean Yafu Rose villa holiday in two weeks to prepare for the new Union held a grand signing ceremony. However, at this time, the Soviet Communist Party conservatives 8.19 launched a coup that shocked the world, in Moscow announced the establishment of end, [14], but fundamentally destroyed the Soviet Union, have ruined the possibility of new alliances. from 9 to 10 months, almost all of the republics declared independence, and December 1, 1991 by referendum of Ukraine declaration of independence is particularly crucial. people regarded as completely independent maximum political security, do not want to consider Union level institutional arrangements of any rigid December 8 In 1991, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus signed three Do not Lowe Friday Agreement announced the Soviet Union.
1991 to 1999 in Russia beginning of the reform and democratization process in Russia has been continuing, albeit in extremely difficult conditions. Yeltsin himself in 1991, the Russian Federation, 6 menstrual direct election of the first elected President of the National Incident .8.19 The Warriors stand in the tank Reform the image on the rage against the coup universally known. However, as the then President Boris Yeltsin is facing a very severe economic situation and the complicated political situation. On the one hand, the former Soviet Union than China, difficult. On the other hand, the alliance announced in the Russian Federation's sovereignty, the Russian Federation have also many of the Federal Republic that exert tremendous pressure. It is in this context, Yeltsin enabled Gaidar team of young reform, the implementation of the radical market system. The change in the form of state structure, then it seems not included in the agenda. In fact, the difficult economic reform alone is already beyond the level of the original reformers expected, regardless of social, business and consumers are still not ready changes to meet the market and the privatization of the preparation. To make matters worse, as the most prominent representatives of National People's Congress left most of the Soviet into public office, the Supreme Soviet of Russia has been a large number of conservative dominated by former Communist Party officials. they are everywhere against Gaidar's reforms, so that the ; government hospital dispute 53% in favor of the Russian Federation since 1992, the Government's social policies. In Russia, inflation has reached alarming levels (1992, Russia's inflation rate 1354%!), ordinary citizens of Russia is undoubtedly the answer to Boris Yeltsin and valuable support of reform policies. in part because of this, despite the fall of 1993 after six months had ;, and ultimately the end of One important result of Russia's local relations are not clear on the requirements, the Federal Republic as the main or even be granted certain privileges, which appears to from local support. party politics within the framework of the new constitution are developed, the political parties can be legally obtained the qualifications of the general election. Russia is the rise of the Communist Party of the legal framework in the implementation. part of the benefit from the party campaign strategy (such as the party declared that the transformation of the social crisis will seem very normal), the Russian Communist Party in the 1995 State Duma elections, achieved a major success, winning 450 seats in the parliament of 157 seats. However, it is the Russian Communist Party's restoration the relationship between reform, and the Russian In any case, Yeltsin's second term did not get such a brilliant first term. In the face followed the 1998 financial crisis and the wave of the 1999 impeachment, leaves appear frequently in the ward, physically and mentally exhausted. Fortunately, Yeltsin in the most critical The problem right path, that is, within the framework of the existing system in Russia to continue the reform path chosen successor. Thus, after several attempts, repeated, and in the political wisdom to make a series of br> It is now 2007, President Putin's second term is nearing an end. Russia's economy received a strong recovery, the situation has been basically out of embarrassment. Politically, Putin has strengthened the authority of the central government to start vertical power structure of the reform efforts to improve the efficiency of government, on the other hand is committed to adjust the Yeltsin era parliament over the executive and tensions that constitute the power of separation of powers tends to be rationalized. The Government has also adjusted the ; the policy, and increased supervision of the largest Russian companies. Civil Society still under construction. Putin's State of the Union in 2005, frankly stated: After 5 years of The next step, The won freedom, human rights, justice and the ideals of democracy, but for our society as an important value to the pointer. I firmly believe that modern Russia, the democratic values of no less importance to economic success and social welfare of the people pursuit. observers have recognized that Faster progress is impossible, even dangerous. years (and even over the past half-century) USSR (Russia), the difficult process of democratization in Eastern Europe, has accumulated a wealth of experience, this is a valuable asset to the world. from China, the need for constitutional reform, this paper will try These experiences give the Chinese people and their Inspiration may be summarized as follows:
First, the Soviet Union (Russia), Eastern Europe, the history of reform shows that Communist party rule system is no future, even the most moderate of the communists in power, also could not escape the fate of the final stage of history.
poignant today's Chinese rulers have long felt the existing system is unreasonable, but determined in the absence of substantive steps taken before the constitutional reform can only be done within the system minor repairs. maybe they still dream of some kind or another socialism with Chinese characteristics - we have seen - and exists a unified multi-ethnic Soviet Union, it is a totalitarian, authoritarian system of party and toxicity of cancer onset, those who still have blind loyalty and party authoritarian regime, or wantonly seize illicit use of this system, the interests of the party and the Soviet Officials at all levels!
here, I still want to cite a few cases to illustrate even the most moderate Communists in power, the future of this system is also absolutely no reason. those who still believe that of participants in the process of reform and democratization, in the case of abduction forced to become a puppet of the Soviet Union, come forward to organize years, Qatar's work led redress injustices, and promote economic reform in Hungary, but also did some of the attempts of political reform (though only streamline the organization, Dahl himself humble, tolerant, hanging in public against his own image, or even walking alone, the coffee shop, in the theater listening to his jokes satire. It should be said that the Communist leaders had very valuable. But after all, did not step Qatar a more critical step. He did not challenge the old system, the courage to challenge the Soviet Union. [18] When the 80's surging Solidarity movement in Poland, he also just how to for fear of their own one-third of an acre of ground are also caught fire. to 1988, Qatar is far behind the times, the face of the surging wave of democratization, he said he must attempt to anarchism. ) and the unreasonable party authoritarian system is two things, the former to a certain time, the latter a certain extent mitigate the harm, but could never eliminate it. party leaders may be personally honest, but he could not the integrity of the body to prevent the party's corruption and fester. even, because of individual leaders of the clean, it can become systemic fester hand, fig leaf.
Romania's Ceausescu regime is in just over a relatively modest leaders. He Luo grievances were one of the largest in the history Poteleshen Kanu cases [20] have won the hearts of vindication. He also stands for Ceausescu did provide a case to prove that a country pursues the party authoritarian regime, due to an ambitious new leaders coming to power may be in the internal affairs and diplomatic achievements. but it just so. Sarkozy came to power did not years of the dictatorship of the changes occurred, but also provide a Communist Party leader to fall from the typical sun. Ceausescu rejected any reform in his later years, vigorously pursued the family rule and its relatives as the senior party and state leadership positions are actually as many as 10 people. and Qatar compared to the case of Ceausescu Communist Party leaders said that there should be more representative, more profound reflection of the chronic internal system. For example, Qiao Se Basescu is to North Korea's Kim Il Sung and a ratio of stubbornly adhering to the party dictatorship in the political, economic system, specifically the right of the individual and the family rule, the two have similar place, but not North Korea Soviet Union and Eastern circle, to avoid being democratic tide the socialist path of development, its country's economic functions to the direct producers and their organizations, exploration, but also much higher than that time the Soviet Union, and China. but then the actual development has proved that this system is still inevitable, Union of Yugoslavia together with more and more obvious within the tendency of the federal party's leadership bodies and the Federal Parliament has increasingly become the interests of the autonomous province of the Republic, and compete in places (the former Yugoslavia and the conflict between nations has a long history), the system of ideology the defects and structural defects of power are stirred together. With Tito's death in 1980, the South no longer a unified force of personality, the whole country becomes more rapid division process, and finally to the disintegration of the early 90s, and even In subsequent years, broke out in a brutal war between different ethnic groups. This is probably a result of the former Yugoslavia can not imagine the league leaders want something.
, of course, cases of the former Yugoslavia has its particularity, we can not say that Tito's communism and the subsequent disintegration of the former Yugoslavia have any necessary connection, although some of Tito failure of national policy should be at least partly responsible for this. [22] But even aside this layer do not say, and the south Union modest one-party system is also facing more and more problems, especially in the last century, 70 to 80 years later, can be said that it just did not get one more chance to prove himself purely just the same uncertain future.
Second, the former Soviet Union, Poland, Hungary, Jie countries show that the history of reform, reformers within the party and the effective interaction strength of civil freedom, political reform is to promote the start-up and deepening the base path.
Gorbachev Reform Possible? 20 years later, when the anti-people food for thought inside out over this issue, we will find, given the history of the initiative under the conditions of the reformers, is to understand the history of progress, elements. Here the word party system within the system but century ago to fight has already begun its history. as Asia. Nepal. Yakovlev said, dissidents fellow citizens tell the truth, but it is persecuted because of this reason. 20, 30 years ago, and some even 50,60 years ago has already been profiled, understanding and thinking had been. the next great care, and pay individuals (even family) are great cost of civil democracy is truly the backbone of national heroes and social. their efforts constitute a change of the party authoritarian civil society solid foundation. It is because we have this foundation, a private the accumulation of free movement for 30 years, the former Soviet Union 80 years before the political reforms possible.
the other hand, those in power from the role of reformers within should not be underestimated. After all, they hold power in the hands, the huge social and coverage power to all fields; Moreover, it is precisely this authoritarian structure of the party authoritarian regime in power in itself given the highest group (especially those in power himself up) huge The reality may be. This is different from the despotism of the great democratic society different. unless the autocratic regime of self-destruction in times of crisis (which inevitably accompanied by the rapid social unrest or even backwards, and this is no one willing to see thing), any progressive, rational reform of the official with the need to even take the initiative to lead. as a historical opportunity arise in the despotism of the highest political level and conception of reform who will contribute greatly to the advancement of the cause of reform.
Gorbachev honored to be such that the official reformers. he himself has summed up the former Soviet Union's reform: official or unofficial organizations, to play a similar initiative that is doomed to be futile, and would be subjected to social exclusion r l a political core, will also be considered a dissident deliberately discredit the existing system. ; In this sense, Gorbachev's assertion: The role of reformists also not be underestimated. change is not layer reformers will really gain strength.
Now we see this element is determined to reform within the system in power between the forces and civil freedom to form such an effective interaction and mutual promotion. party reformers and conservatives within the party struggle, the need for support from non-governmental forces, which support The most basic form of expression, is to keep the voice of civil society and democratization pressure (of course not rule out a compromise when necessary); the other hand, private liberal forces need the support from the reformist party, which will generate mutual support rational efforts to promote the great cause of reform.
Hungary provides this In a remote town to discuss the crisis in Hungary, and future destiny. It is noteworthy that social workers of the party when he was the Hungarian Central Committee, the Patriotic Front General Secretary of the wave at the people of Iraq have to be high, and made a statement. It is At this meeting, participants recommended the establishment of the Hungarian Democratic Forum. In the ruling, the Qatar and other veterans out in May 1988 after the Politburo, the party and Hungary already a major step forward, put forward the policy to accelerate political reform, the first time committed to the implementation of reputation as being executed by a formal funeral. outcry in under the pressure of the newly appointed General Secretary of Hungary's Gross said the party did not rule out the possibility of the future In 1988 a multiparty system in August, the Government also announced on assembly and association The two legal documents, and further committed to ensuring that citizens freedom of association. Hungarian Democratic Forum on September 3, 1988 formally established, apparently due to a fight, the relatively relaxed political environment, but also the process of democratization in Hungary an important achievement. In the subsequent two months, Hungary, the rapid development of independent civil and political groups to more than 30.
growth of democratic movements in civil society at the same time, Hungary around the objectives of the reform within the party, means and methods and other issues also created new differences. Gross Hungary represents the party still represents the interests of the whole society, to play a leadership role. However, the waves at high-Iraq more radical as the representative of the party who claims a group of complete break with Stalinism, and take the kind of democratic socialism in Europe similar to the road. wave at high Iraq in January 1989 I said that the 1956 incident was a popular uprising against the oligarchy, Gross incurred criticism of this argument, but the recognition by many civil society organizations. including Democratic Forum of civil society organizations, including 13 on February 6 statement, stressing that only justice for the 1956 popular uprising, which can be achieved with the ruling political alliance. This is a private liberal forces within the ruling party more thorough reform of the strong party support, this support In Hungary, held soon after the CPC Central Committee plenary session to see the results: start, take a more thorough reform of the Hungarian party advocates civil liberties strength of democratic forces and work together more closely to jointly promote the process of democratization in Hungary 16 June .1989, the national political parties have participated in the Najib re-burial ceremony, with wave on high the words of Iraq, the funeral ,],[interaction, coordination, understanding and mutual compromise. interaction between the parties concerned need to have a basic consensus for reform, the lack of a consensus is impossible to form an interactive, effective. China is an example of .1989 The editorial was published, Zhao stressed the need to dialogue with the students in the track of democracy and the rule of law to solve the problem should have been possible to reverse the Li and a group of large and small, hard-liners within the party caused by the pattern of confrontation with the students to form a government and civil liberties interaction between forces; helpless Zhao Zuobulezhu, and Deng Xiaoping, then the Lord can do no such insights, no such knowledge, no such mind. This is not a solution. easy to see that - compared with the then Hungarian - Hungary even relatively conservative party Gross, whose experience has been far above the year Deng Xiaoping, not to mention Iraq and other high wave at a more . China's misfortune lies, Deng (and other Communist veterans) is not only the traditional, rigid Communists, and they also control the power of the substantive, rather than Qatar, as the real exit. it is even more doomed China's Tiananmen tragedy is inevitable. discussed here today, we still could not help but want to experience the ups and downs of our nation becoming a deep sigh.
third, from the operating level, thrusters; with the open, public opinion of the liberation. Yakovlev 1985, he was appointed Minister of the Soviet Communist Party Central Propaganda is the Only openness to break through the carefully woven lies and tricks of all kinds of obstacles and push Bolshevism had long rusty latch, the spread of political views as an independent open the floodgates. the words, It has become politicized. will also bring a number of advantages:
First of all, openness to reform and become the cause of the public can participate. The media active, free, and ordinary citizens have a greater understanding of information channels, but also have more views space. including civil rights, monitoring government policies such things, in fact, have to press open, transparent government is a prerequisite.
Second, the openness will help the growth of private power and freedom of organization. press freedom not only means freedom of political communication of independence, but also means that citizens have a journal, newspaper rights, and to implement this right. the year is through the Office of Lenin, , but that is the state illegally. China's May Fourth Movement, Deconstruction of the openness of party dictatorship weapon, it's important function is to serve the construction of civil society in many countries the growth of civil liberties and the organization of forces is achieved through freedom of the Journal.
Again, openness will help the rise of the reform forces within the party. In the traditional party system within the system, the power in times of high or middle class people, it is difficult to have the opportunity to express their independent views. reform and openness in providing such opportunities. here is particularly worth mentioning that a number of influential enough leader Gaidar as economics editor of this magazine after the magazine quickly became the introduction of new concepts, deconstruct the traditional concept of the Ann. MiG-Lani Young had such a general openness of the former Soviet Union achieved:
mobilize the community to support radical change. To this end, in the initial stages of the implementation of the openness policy which can be attributed to the radical reform of selected journalists tend to lead some of the most influential newspapers and magazines, such as News the youth to support the reform process, but also promoted the mass development of the informal organization. Over the years the first time in the Soviet Union was not a party or by the activities of national institutions to be provided for some of its organizations and clubs. in accordance with Gorbachev husband and the people around strategy, these organizations should be officials from the following organizations to exert pressure on the factors, so that the reformist leaders to make decisions not in the upper structure in the middle and lower power thwarted. the reformist Newspapers should be the informal organization, officials of the reformers, the reformers at the top of the pyramid of power leading together, and put them in the implementation of the new values and reforming the system to coordinate the actions taken part. ,],[uncontrollable, . the deconstruction of the traditional system and the traditional concept of the process, will occur extremely sharp ideological struggle and even organizations struggle, this struggle is more intense, the evolution of things courage and political wisdom to manage the reform process will become equally important.
and Another related issue is how to treat the new content of such an approach. If this is a strategy of reformist leaders, it is understandable that, in some cases, some historical background is necessary. But we must not forget that in order to protect the party dictatorship for the purpose of the party's leaders will also take live playing with this set, the Chinese people in the use of such techniques, especially handy. So, the question must return to pluralism, press freedom and return to freedom, return to the expression of the citizens power and supervision, this is the from the operating point of view, be determined in the top leadership of constitutional change, the first thing to do is restructuring the party's propaganda, bold reform advocates who held appointment as leader of the party's propaganda department, that ; policy to create the necessary organizational conditions for implementation. This is the reform experience of the former Soviet Union a very important one. China in recent years in charge of the party's propaganda power of the Communist Party bureaucrats, mostly conservative, and its ability to view the same year served as far as the Chinese Communists Propaganda Minister Lu Ting, Hu, Zhu Houze, not as the KMT's propaganda minister Shao Lizi, Wang. ... Today, China's party