Early 1979, I was transferred to the Research Office of the State Planning Commission. At that time, researchers have a total of only four individuals, two research productivity, research and production between two people, and I Wei Liqun is to study the relations of production. Relations of production of what? Is a study how the expansion of enterprise autonomy? down after the Gang of Four, do things right. theorists Some comrades believe that there are still a socialist commodity exchange, or commodity economy. Hu Qiaomu wrote an article called modernization, species found in the central canal of the program too much, corporate production, supply, human, financial management all by the state. What production, production number, the decision by the state. Even the companies should be ratified to build a toilet. In view of this situation, I wrote an article entitled of each economic unit still exists between the different economic interests and conflicts, the establishment in which the different economic interests of the socialist economy is still commodity economy , have to respect the law of value. To this end, floating prices, free price. There are some ideas of good. is this article, so I went to the front of reform.
one of the first reform of the formation of the overall plan is what?
1979 年 7, the State Council Financial and Economic Committee was established reform team, led by the Zhang Jinfu, at the beginning of this work is actually involved in the Comprehensive Department of State Development Planning Commission with the years and I am the Director Liu, Ji Chongwei like import and export committee, he is not full-time. We are two people Start held a variety of forums to listen to views from all sides. I am most impressed by two representatives: one is Jiang Yiwei, advocacy Enterprise Ontology, advocates a company-based, to build the institutional framework; one YANG Pei new, advocates reform of the three step, the expansion of enterprise autonomy is the first step, second step is to organize professional company, the third step to play the role of banks. At that time, the enterprise based on this argument difficult to accept. Although we think that to expand enterprise autonomy, but assume the functions of the national macro-management, can not be completely in accordance with the requirements of enterprises, the interests of enterprises to adjust. the State Economic Commission view is that enterprise-based claims. At that time, theorists also Liu Guoguang, advocated mechanism. . business is the whole people, is planning to allocate, and why the introduction of market mechanisms to recognize the value of the law? order to change the company to eat the same big pot, Ganhaoganhuai a kind, restored the bonus system, but also to further the implementation of enterprise profit retention system, enterprises profits, and to stay out of a profit, the establishment of development funds, welfare funds and bonus funds. This business will have their own interests. in theory, be summed up as necessary to introduce market mechanisms. The third key point was the recognition that social needs are constantly changing, constantly adjusting the production structure, by a single national plan, can not guarantee economic development and enterprise in proportion to the balance of production and marketing. We write the first draft, Zhang Jinfu presided over by a series of seminars and open on Dec. 3 .1979 formed on the beat about the bush, in the administrative practices of the practice on the brains, and put forward five principles of reform: First, the single plan regulation, to plan the combination of regulation and market regulation to adjust the main program, giving play to the role of market regulation ; Second, the administration of the pure economic approach to economic measures and administrative measures combined based on economic measures to maintain the necessary administrative measures; third is the enterprise of the appendage from the administration, to independent commodity producers, in the expansion of national unity under the leadership of a very independent enterprise management; Fourth, properly handle the relationship between central and local, from conducive to the development of socialized mass production requirements, the division of central departments and local authority, the central leadership give full play to the enthusiasm of the local; five correctly handle the political and ideological education and material interests, the emphasis on material interests, to strengthen political and ideological work, to promote overall care of the interests of promoting communist style.
throughout the drafting process in Zhang Jinfu What instructions did not convey the above, in which Liu played an important role with the years, I mainly do paperwork. Jin gay husband left me deep impression, he and other leaders of different countries, he stresses the , will be excited about the up and left the base will, spread out his hands, soliciting a circle, to express their ideas hh his passionate, very emotional and very approachable. He had been president of Academy of Sciences, Minister of Finance, Anhui Province Provincial Secretary, then as director of the State Economic Commission, deputy head of the Central Financial Work Leading Group. I respect him very much.
I remember it was early 1980, at Zhongnanhai, the State Council chaired by the Xiannian Finance meeting to discuss the draft. This is my first time to participate in central decision-making meeting. from 7pm start, opened a half hour, we do not talk about the topic, where thing or another. I am very anxious to 8:45, Xiannian talk . He said: Liu increase and some of our people, said: highest decision-making to have stuck.
now think, at that time, no one raised objections, and no one agrees, is understandable. come to be men, and how reform, to change what Yeah, I was not thinking, ask them how to say ah? come up with a master plan to ask them to stand, really make life difficult for them. However, this manuscript can be Xiaoping, Chen Yun's approval, as the State Planning Commission, Ministry of Finance that did not oppose the power sector, should be said that one thing was not easy.
At the time, when the Party Secretary Zhao Ziyang in Sichuan, the pilot is doing the expansion of enterprise autonomy. It is said that he was glad to see this program! Central so a general idea, he naturally very enlightening. So, in 1980 he was transferred Beijing as prime minister, put the system into a study group that the State Council Office for Restructuring the Provisional Institutions. Duxing Yuan Secretary-General and Director of the State Council, presided over the daily work of Liao Jili , Xue Muqiao no position nominally, but in fact all events to his instructions. Ziyang pay greater attention to the figures, one Xue Muqiao, a Liaoji Li, a Ma. After the establishment of Economic Restructuring, all aspects of mediator, but the official transferred not a lot, most of the liaison officers from various ministries, such as the Inland Revenue Department, ah, ah Purchasing Department, to our meeting to ask them to discuss.
Second, the adjustment of economic structure on the decision-making process
1980 年, Ziyang just when the Prime Minister, on the face of economic adjustment. Down with the Gang of Four, the economy, we should come to a rapid development. engage in a When the prime minister, is facing the first problem, not reform, but to adjust. I wrote a the pace of enterprise reform can not go far too. adjusted according to the requirements of the national economy, the reform redo arrangements. Ziyang on November 22, 1980 comment: , is issued governors, mayors, chairmen of autonomous regions for a reading session. Xu Jingan Policy Research Office of the State Planning Commission was originally a gay researchers, now the State Council Office for Restructuring the work. I think he put the proposal is justified. is worthy of attention . , the cement can not be sold, and production will decline, falling incomes; and shall not cut, wages have to be paid as usual, can not call spending less, it will bring new imbalances, leading to a vicious circle. So,UGG boots cheap, I wrote a chapter, ; active compression make this part of the production capacity of energy, raw materials, ensure the development of production and consumption data,UGGs, in order to increase revenue, stabilize the market, investment in infrastructure following the compression, which enable the economy from reactive to proactive one with the second key. Our hope is the development of consumer goods production, the increase in revenue, not only to make up for production of compressed production decrease in revenue, but also to make up for the subsidies, and funds to increase spending to achieve fiscal balance. Thus, we the economy can pull through, out of trouble. If you are under the leadership of the development of production of consumer goods, not only economic prosperity, increase revenue, and array of goods, which has great political significance. Ziyang on December 22, 1980 comment: : Xiao Xu wrote this opinion, I think by the Research Center of the discussion. not only to economic theory, workers, also absorb some of the practical workers to participate. then put together the various views, reference to financial groups. 5 times before and after the organization of the central discussion, made five presentations.
development of production of consumer goods, from where to start it? start from the big cities. Ziyang took me to Tianjin, Shanghai and visits to local leaders, said: we've come a young gay, called Xu Jingan. last year wrote a His discussion of this article. way out? Xue Muqiao comrades have the answer, the solution is to adjust and reform. immediately expressed in their own language, was very convincing, it is his ability. from Tianjin, Shanghai back, I thought the basis of his, but also to add my thoughts, in April 1981 he was drafted plenary session at the State Department speech on the proposed development and reform of the nine views. This is Zhao came to power after the first policy agenda. Later, abroad commented that the three decisions of the Chinese economy are: First, adjust the structure, the development of textile industry. The Soviet Union was too heavy, too light, light, long-term transfer, however. We started in 1980, on the development of production of consumer goods, watches, sewing machines, bicycles, refrigerators, TV sets and other ;, that is, in this context to develop. Second, rural contracting, third is urban reform. China is a populous country, not to engage in production of consumer goods, how to develop the economy? which in turn mobilize local and reform are mainly small and medium enterprises, community team enterprises, consistent with the positive phase-private economy. then Beijing are hard and selling cakes, bite Douyao fixed. now what the market can be said of the array of goods!
three market-oriented reform is how to establish it?
from 1980 to 1984, I have participated in the drafting of the eight on the economic reform plans, programs, opinions, reports outline .1982 establishment of the National Commission for Economic Restructuring, and personnel increases the mechanical committee also merged . by the Zhao Ziyang himself as a director. Bo Yibo, An Zhiwen, Liaoji Li, Zhou Tai, Tong Dalin, deputy director as such, the following general plan based group, production group, distribution group, such as the pilot group, I was at the master plan group long, is responsible for drafting documents.
the direction of the reform, objectives, awareness has repeatedly .1979 years of preliminary views on reform, plan production and commodity exchange economy, Outline planning study reports, that the production and business activities by the national regulatory or corporate? today to see, what a question. then it is a big problem. countries, through instruction program, to allocate materials to control the companies set prices in order to ensure the country's key projects, operation of enterprises. by the government enterprises of production, supply, from the central, provincial, city and county to establish a series of departments, in addition to Planning Commission, Economic Commission, the Financial, there are metallurgical, coal, machinery, electronics, textiles, light engineering, materials, price hh have a machine single Ministry of Machinery Industry to seven machines. the formulation change, the number of sectors between life and death, and the distribution of power ah?
was on two fronts, one is led by Deng Xiaoping, Another is led by Chen Yun. mention the planned economy, or the commodity economy, as these two forces battle a focus of .1982 by the end of the party's second major report identified October 1984 through the second session of the Third Plenary Session of the .1983 swing by Hu Qiaomu, Deng Liqun Deng Xiaoping put forward were accepted, launched the Hu Qili convened by the State Planning Commission and the State Commission and local and some gay theorists to study the reform of the planning system. At that time, Liu has been promoted with the years, deputy director of the State Planning Commission, and Wei Liqun, Yu Zhifang, etc., on behalf of Planning Commission a party; Liaoji Li, deputy director of the State Commission for Restructuring the Economy, YANG Qi-first, I attended, on behalf of System Reform party. meeting a heated debate on 12 October .1983, and the PRC in the second session of the Second Plenary Session, Deng Xiaoping made a speech entitled organizations front and the urgent task of the ideological front . anti-spiritual pollution, only 28 days out is over.
However, the ideological struggle has continued to Sept. 28 In 1986 the party held the Sixth Plenary Session of the twelve, Hu Yaobang and Hu Qiaomu, Deng Liqun provide around anti-bourgeois liberalization, not to mention a fierce struggle, Deng Xiaoping to Hu Qiaomu station, Deng Liqun side, clearly anti-bourgeois liberalization and talk about ten or twenty years. is in December, the Beijing student protests occurred, more determined the determination of small vindication of the liberalization. Hu Yaobang in April 1987, l was forced to resign. rightist become the main trend of reform to a halt. in particular, to be held in 1987, the Thirteenth Party, if it continues the anti-rightist, political line and organizational lines to will fully turn left, the consequences will be very serious.
1987 年 3 13, I signed a letter to Deng Xiaoping, Li Jun, said: Westernization r l r and l rigid two erroneous tendencies, is the long-term task of our party in the future. At present, the prominent opposition r l Westernization trend is necessary. However, the need for both general tendency to make a real estimate of the actual harm. ;, cadres, they will to some extent, about the direction the country forward. I Party is one of the serious historical lesson of these two tendencies is not able to make clear, appropriate estimates overstated the danger of capitalist restoration. So , the actual effect of the two tendencies and harm to the whole estimate is necessary in order to highlight the opposition when a tendency to grasp the degree necessary to ensure the smooth progress of reform. situation, to solve three major problems: First, enterprise reform, dealing with the relationship between the state and enterprises; Second, price reform, dealing with the relationship between the state and people; Third, institutional reforms to address the relationship between the state and the cadres. concluded that ; reform requires a strong public opinion, open and strong support of political forces to overcome difficulties and move forward victory. , Deng Xiaoping, r interference. founding, from 1957 to 1978, we suffer in l left r. report, proposed a to dry, non-profit quit, this is very natural. price is getting highlighted. such as glass, the price calculated according to the area, then mass production of thin glass; by weight, price, to mass production of thick glass. I wool suit needs to go abroad to do, is a special factory for the. Why do not you produce it, because the price is too low, factories do not want to produce. As energy, raw materials and other basic industrial price is too low, processing and industrial price is too high, the results based industrial development of processing industry is increasingly failing. State Department opened a lot of meetings to discuss the price of reform. Minor solve the problem, major economies can not afford. coal prices a little bit of adjustment, power prices will, rail transport to prices, business costs, sales price not to move, how do? was thought out a way, after the price adjustment, and who profits increased, and the country back to; who suffer, and the country further subsidies. Finally, what result? get the benefits of , the state not being paid; losses, the state must subsidize. How many programs do not work.
1984 年 3 months, from the workers in seminars, on behalf of candidates determined by the level of paper. from 1300 papers identified in the 124 conference delegates. preparations for the meeting with Chang, who is responsible for Steel. Zhang Gang, Wang Qishan to discuss to find, Wang said: looking for him to participate. . At that time, the so-called reformers Wenyuan Kai Conference organized by the central criticisms, to participate in this meeting is that the Reformers did not attend the meeting is not a reformer? leaders are out of kindness, let us not attend the meeting. But I as a whole planning meeting to discuss the topic of my set, how do I halfway Liaotiao Zi? I was the Director, who face the risk of dismissal, to attend will be.
1984 年 9 月 3-10 days, in Zhejiang Province Deqing County, held a middle-aged workers in Economic Science Symposium. Moganshan the place is also called , center field is the price out of the source, advocated ; low temperature, the mercury on down. The price is to changes in accordance with market supply and demand, automatically lifting. What is the price adjustment mean? not mercury, but the iron columns, to have to cut prices; have access to the fare increase. He speaks of the market economy ABC, but it was revolutionary. we have been , he proposed unified by the supply and distribution of national plans for energy, raw materials, the proportion of large, coal accounted for 50%, 70% steel, with recommended tune put to put to the principle, first the basic balance of demand and supply of machinery, light industry, textile of price liberalization, the necessary raw materials have changed from the planned price of the market price; With the liberalization of one sector, blending system, the proportion of steel will be reduced, then more substantial to improve energy and raw materials price will not have a great impact on the entire national economy. A liberalization of sectors, there will be integration with the program since the sales price and the market price, the market should be supporting the establishment of materials. The report came out, I'm excited , West Lake in Hangzhou, Zhang Gang, when they walk, said: both price reform ideas, most valuable. both to avoid a big vibration, but also solve the problem. Guangdong price management system from start to change; walked the streets of township enterprises in Jiangsu, collaboration coal prices to fall; and grain, cotton purchase price by the result of a lot of practice to bring the ultra- price ratio, are essentially a put, adjusting with the success stories. share gradually expanded. dual pricing system, the price reform of large-scale systems, into one small systems can operate to avoid a big risk. more profound significance, not only to correct the irrational price system, and break the rigid price management system, also led the planning, material system reform. This is a major breakthrough in the planned economic system, laid the basis of the system of commodity economy. Later, China's economic reform was to go two-track road. almost all the reforms started from the pilot , and then step by step promotion. In the case of China is not open, pilot economic zones and coastal open cities, etc..
obvious benefits of dual-track system, all of a sudden liberalization of the economy can not afford, can not accept the concept of the cadres ah have to train. The most important thing is, there have been staring at a strong opposition. the old retained a track, that they accept, impress ah! China engaged in shock therapy, do not say anything else, first you shock! two-track system will certainly cause problems, and this is the contradiction between new and old systems, friction, loopholes, corruption is also a result. dual pricing system gave birth to the first group of upstart. officials and business integration, reselling goods, continue to pour into the plan within the scheme outside. polarization between rich and poor expanded, the corruption of power will start here.
has debated this issue. against the reform say that corruption is caused by the reform. I said, yeah, corruption and reform both at the same time enter. Every time the market reforms, control of the resource to enter the market exchange opportunities. then how do? First, do not reform; the second is all open; third is the first political reform; fourth revolution. The so-called reform is redemption, is a recognition that vested interests, is to buy you support reform. reform is such a thing! or to start a revolution, the revolution brought new rulers, the outcome is hard to say. Corruption is a two-track system brought the economy first change, political reform is not moving, that is, two-track system. Therefore, to overcome corruption, it is necessary to promote comprehensive reform. But, really engage in political reform, have two-track system. This is the difference between me and theorists. out of theory, of the hated two-track system , one of two materials prices, which in theory makes sense it? is not a program theory, and does not match the market theory, be approved as shit. But in China's reform is so caught between planning and the market came to be. theorist often the pursuit of a complete theory, but in real life involves compromise and reform to face the reality. the problems China faces today is the same, constitutional reform must also be dual-track system, the transition slowly.
dual pricing system, it also brings the two-track employment Ziyang . Young people set aside a number, I was promoted from Director of Deputy Director of System Reform. Restructuring of the young to become the core of unity. Since then, Ziyang held a symposium every year, not only to listen to the views of the old comrades, but also to listen to the young people's views.
(to be continued)
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